法醫DNA實驗室系統主要包括DNA提取系統、PCR擴增(zeng)系(xi)統和熒光(guang)DNA篩分和檢測系(xi)統三個組成部(bu)分。

DNA提(ti)取(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)是法醫DNA實(shi)驗室系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)解決(jue)方案的(de)(de)首個環節，該系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)要(yao)實(shi)現(xian)生物(wu)(wu)樣本中基因(yin)組(zu)DNA的(de)(de)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)、純化和(he)富集，所提(ti)取(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)DNA的(de)(de)質(zhi)和(he)量將直接決(jue)定(ding)最終(zhong)檢(jian)(jian)驗的(de)(de)成敗。PCR擴(kuo)增系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)整(zheng)個DNA實(shi)驗室系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中起著承上啟下(xia)的(de)(de)作用，連接著兩個子系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。即要(yao)對提(ti)取(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)所獲(huo)(huo)取(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)基因(yin)組(zu)進(jin)行特異(yi)性體外(wai)擴(kuo)增（在(zai)短時間內獲(huo)(huo)得(de)數(shu)十(shi)億拷(kao)貝數(shu)的(de)(de)靶DNA），從(cong)而達(da)到遺(yi)傳分(fen)(fen)析儀的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)測限，實(shi)現(xian)PCR產(chan)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)篩分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)熒光檢(jian)(jian)測并(bing)(bing)獲(huo)(huo)得(de)最終(zhong)的(de)(de)DNA分(fen)(fen)型。熒光DNA篩分(fen)(fen)和(he)檢(jian)(jian)測系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)是DNA實(shi)驗室系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)解決(jue)方案的(de)(de)最終(zhong)環節，上述DNA提(ti)取(qu)(qu)和(he)擴(kuo)增系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)所獲(huo)(huo)得(de)的(de)(de)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)，最終(zhong)都需要(yao)通過該系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)獲(huo)(huo)得(de)最終(zhong)的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)驗結果(guo)并(bing)(bing)實(shi)現(xian)輸出。三個子系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)相輔相成、缺一不(bu)可，在(zai)整(zheng)個檢(jian)(jian)驗過程(cheng)環環相扣。

深(shen)圳華安(an)根據《公安(an)機關DNA實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)等(deng)級(ji)評定辦法（試行）》的(de)要求，DNA實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)實(shi)行等(deng)級(ji)化管理，從(cong)高到低分為一級(ji)、二級(ji)、三級(ji)，其(qi)中(zhong)三級(ji)DNA實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)為最基本的(de)DNA實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)。基本的(de)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)布局需具備(bei)受理區、準備(bei)區、DNA提取區、擴增(zeng)區、檢測區、DNA數據庫工作區、試劑配制區、物證和樣本保管區、辦公區。

三級(ji)DNA實驗室除滿足上述各區域外，還要求使用面(mian)積不小于130平方(fang)米，各區域的(de)間隔(ge)、功能、裝修、潔凈(jing)度和必要的(de)附(fu)屬設施符合行業技(ji)術(shu)標準要求。整(zheng)個實驗室布局合理，檢驗鑒(jian)定(ding)流程單向流動。

深圳華安(an)實(shi)驗室按(an)功(gong)能要(yao)求應具有防(fang)火(huo)、防(fang)震、防(fang)腐(fu)、防(fang)潮、防(fang)靜電(dian)、恒溫和(he)排水等設施。

三級(ji)(ji)(ji)DNA實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)可以在(zai)各(ge)(ge)縣(xian)級(ji)(ji)(ji)公(gong)安(an)(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)廣(guang)泛推廣(guang)，這主(zhu)要是(shi)因為，在(zai)我(wo)國具有DNA實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)安(an)(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)各(ge)(ge)省區地(di)級(ji)(ji)(ji)市(shi)，通(tong)常情況下，各(ge)(ge)縣(xian)級(ji)(ji)(ji)公(gong)安(an)(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)需(xu)要將(jiang)現(xian)場(chang)采集(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)DNA物證(zheng)送至其所屬的(de)(de)(de)地(di)級(ji)(ji)(ji)市(shi)公(gong)安(an)(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)DNA實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)進行物證(zheng)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)。然而，近年來(lai)由(you)于DNA檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)技術在(zai)公(gong)安(an)(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)偵查破案(an)中(zhong)發揮的(de)(de)(de)重要作(zuo)用(yong)，與DNA相關(guan)(guan)物證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)采集(ji)(ji)量(liang)逐年增大(da)(da)，這無疑加大(da)(da)了(le)地(di)級(ji)(ji)(ji)公(gong)安(an)(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)DNA檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)，導致檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)人(ren)員長期超(chao)負荷工(gong)作(zuo)，造成大(da)(da)量(liang)案(an)件積壓，辦案(an)效率低下。針對上(shang)述(shu)情況，縣(xian)級(ji)(ji)(ji)公(gong)安(an)(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)有必要建立DNA實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)，能夠(gou)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測嫌疑人(ren)樣本等(deng)高質量(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)材(cai)，這將(jiang)在(zai)很大(da)(da)程度上(shang)減少上(shang)級(ji)(ji)(ji)公(gong)安(an)(an)(an)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)勞動強度，提高攻克疑難檢(jian)(jian)(jian)接擴增系統(tong)(tong)和(he)DNA檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)系統(tong)(tong)相結合的(de)(de)(de)方式。由(you)于檢(jian)(jian)(jian)材(cai)量(liang)大(da)(da)，在(zai)PCR直(zhi)擴系統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，需(xu)包含擴增試(shi)劑分(fen)配設(she)備、打孔(kong)設(she)備、掃碼設(she)備、PCR擴增設(she)備、擴增試(shi)劑，而DNA檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)多采用(yong)16通(tong)道(dao)或24通(tong)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)遺傳(chuan)分(fen)析儀(yi)。

二級(ji)DNA實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室除(chu)滿足三級(ji)DNA實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求外，實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室使用面積(ji)需(xu)(xu)不(bu)小于300平方(fang)米，其中實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室用房(fang)面積(ji)不(bu)小于200平方(fang)米。實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室的(de)(de)(de)現場生(sheng)物(wu)性(xing)檢材的(de)(de)(de)DNA檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)與人員(yuan)樣本DNA檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)分區(qu)域設置。另外，實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室需(xu)(xu)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)門禁(jin)系統和獨(du)立排(pai)風設施。二級(ji)DNA實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室要(yao)承擔(dan)轄區(qu)內DNA數據(ju)庫(ku)大批量人員(yuan)樣本的(de)(de)(de)DNA檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)能力，具(ju)(ju)備(bei)區(qu)域性(xing)較大案（事）件、自然災害、事故等(deng)未知(zhi)名尸體身份識(shi)別的(de)(de)(de)DNA檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)能力，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)特殊生(sheng)物(wu)檢材（如骨骼、牙齒、指甲、接觸性(xing)檢測、痕量生(sheng)物(wu)檢材）的(de)(de)(de)DNA檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)能力，并且(qie)DNA檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)能力在本省份處于先(xian)進行列。

一級DNA實(shi)驗室除滿足(zu)二級DNA實(shi)驗室要求外，實(shi)驗室面(mian)積需(xu)不小于(yu)800平(ping)方(fang)米，其中實(shi)驗用(yong)房(fang)面(mian)積不少于(yu)600平(ping)方(fang)米。需(xu)具有特殊生(sheng)物檢(jian)(jian)材(cai)、常(chang)規生(sheng)物檢(jian)(jian)材(cai)、人員(yuan)生(sheng)物樣本分別進(jin)行(xing)(xing)DNA檢(jian)(jian)驗和DNA數據庫管理(li)應用(yong)專(zhuan)門區域。實(shi)驗室各功能區布局合理(li)，有效(xiao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)物理(li)隔離，配備有恒溫恒濕、空(kong)氣(qi)凈化、負壓區間、生(sheng)物安全等(deng)設施(shi)。有現場勘查裝(zhuang)備室、更衣室、多媒體室和資料室。

一級DNA實驗室除了滿足常規生物檢材檢測、數據庫建設和疑難檢材的檢測，還要有DNA檢驗新技術新方法的研究成果，因此一級DNA實驗室除了具備常(chang)規的DNA提(ti)取(qu)、擴(kuo)增和檢測的儀(yi)器設(she)備外(wai)，還要有適應科(ke)研工作需要的DNA檢驗自動化工作站等(deng)。