環境實驗室包括環境科學和環境工程實驗室，下屬有廢水處理實驗分室、廢氣治理實驗分室、環境監測和分析實驗分室、環境微生物實驗分室、環境化學實驗分室、土壤實驗分室等。環境實驗室主要任務是研究污染物在環境中的分布，存在形式，遷移、轉化歸宿以及它們的環境效應，并采用物理的、化學的、生物的方法，運用現代工程技術進行治理。一個現代化的環境檢測實驗室不僅擁有高精尖的科學分析儀器，更重要的是要有科學的實驗室規劃設計布局和先進的實驗室管理理念。今天，我們來看看環境檢測實驗室建設規范。

一、實驗室平面設計系統

1.設計符合人體學

在做實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)平面(mian)設計的時候，首先要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮的因(yin)素(su)就(jiu)是安全。實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)是最(zui)容易(yi)發生爆(bao)炸、火(huo)災、毒氣泄漏等(deng)事件的地(di)方(fang)，所(suo)以在做平面(mian)設計的時候，應盡量(liang)地(di)要(yao)(yao)保持實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)的通風流暢、逃(tao)生通道暢通。

天平臺、儀器臺不宜離墻太近，離墻40CM為宜。為了在工作發生危險時易于疏散，實驗臺過(guo)道全部通向走廊。實驗(yan)室走廊凈(jing)寬度宜(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)2.5-3.5米，普通實驗(yan)室雙(shuang)門寬以(yi)1.1-1.5米為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)，單(dan)門寬以(yi)0.8-0.9米為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。

2.實驗室功能分類

根據監測中(zhong)心實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)檢測分(fen)析功能的(de)不同，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)將實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)分(fen)為五類：普通(tong)化(hua)學(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)、物(wu)理監測實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)、儀器分(fen)析實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)、潔(jie)(jie)凈(jing)(jing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)（無(wu)菌(jun)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)）和輔(fu)助(zhu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)。普通(tong)化(hua)學(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)進行容量分(fen)析、離子測定(ding)、氧化(hua)還(huan)原等(deng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗；物(wu)理監測實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)進行物(wu)理性(xing)監測分(fen)析實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗；潔(jie)(jie)凈(jing)(jing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過人為的(de)手段，應(ying)用(yong)潔(jie)(jie)凈(jing)(jing)技術實(shi)(shi)(shi)現控制室(shi)(shi)內空(kong)氣中(zhong)塵埃、含(han)菌(jun)濃度、溫濕度與壓力(li)、以(yi)達到所要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)潔(jie)(jie)凈(jing)(jing)度、溫濕度和氣流速度等(deng)環境參數；輔(fu)助(zhu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)有天平室(shi)(shi)、高溫室(shi)(shi)、純水室(shi)(shi)、氣瓶室(shi)(shi)、貯藏室(shi)(shi)等(deng)。

二、實驗室家具系統

實驗(yan)(yan)室專用基礎配套裝備主要(yao)分(fen)三大部(bu)分(fen)：A.實驗(yan)(yan)臺(tai)部(bu)分(fen)；B.儀器臺(tai)部(bu)分(fen)；C.功能柜部(bu)分(fen)。

A.實驗臺部分

根據監控中心實驗室設計功能，主(zhu)要(yao)涉及三(san)類實(shi)驗(yan)臺：物理實(shi)驗(yan)臺（物理監測實(shi)驗(yan)）、化學實(shi)驗(yan)臺、生(sheng)物實(shi)驗(yan)臺（主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于凈化無菌(jun)實(shi)驗(yan)）。

B.儀器臺部分

儀器臺(tai)對承重性、穩定性、抗外干(gan)擾、電控要求很高，氣體配(pei)送嚴格、安全、可靠(kao)、方便、易管理。承重最好達到500Kg以(yi)上，用于儀器分(fen)析實驗室。

C.功能柜部門

功能柜的主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)是服務和儲存，重要(yao)(yao)功能部分(fen)(fen)涉(she)及安(an)全、環保問題(ti)。功能柜按(an)目(mu)前主(zhu)流設計主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有全木(mu)和鋼木(mu)兩(liang)種，根據具(ju)體需(xu)要(yao)(yao)可以分(fen)(fen)別選(xuan)擇。

三、實驗室供排水系統

供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設計系統(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要是為(wei)(wei)前期實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)設計服務。為(wei)(wei)建(jian)筑(zhu)設計院提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)臺上下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)點。按照用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性質的不(bu)同，將監測監控中心實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)大樓的供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)(tong)分為(wei)(wei)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和日常(chang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)兩類，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管道(dao)各自獨立(li)。其中，實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)嘴(zui)的配(pei)(pei)備上分別配(pei)(pei)備急流水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)嘴(zui)和緩(huan)流水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)嘴(zui)，單(dan)(dan)聯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)嘴(zui)為(wei)(wei)急流水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)嘴(zui)，單(dan)(dan)配(pei)(pei)PP水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)槽(cao)（MBc-032），雙聯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)嘴(zui)為(wei)(wei)緩(huan)流水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)嘴(zui)，單(dan)(dan)配(pei)(pei)PP水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)槽(cao)（MBc-029）；日常(chang)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)嘴(zui)配(pei)(pei)備規(gui)(gui)格參(can)照民用建(jian)筑(zhu)生活(huo)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管道(dao)配(pei)(pei)件規(gui)(gui)格。實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)則通過(guo)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排放系統(tong)(tong)排入負一層(ceng)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理站，綜(zong)合處理后(hou)排入城(cheng)市管網；日常(chang)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排放則直接排入城(cheng)鎮(zhen)生活(huo)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管網。

四、實驗室電控系統

環(huan)境(jing)監測實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主要包括(kuo)照明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)兩大部(bu)分(fen)。動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主要用于各類(lei)儀器設備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)、空(kong)調等(deng)(deng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)應。實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統也是實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)最基本的(de)條件之一。實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)區域要求兼有(you)交流(liu)、直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，以及單相、三相兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插(cha)(cha)座，并常(chang)有(you)穩壓要求。儀器分(fen)析實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)還(huan)要求有(you)防電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁干(gan)擾，接地和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁屏蔽。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插(cha)(cha)座有(you)：10A、13A、16A、20A。設有(you)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護開關、過載保護開關等(deng)(deng)。

五、實驗室氣體配送系統

環境監測實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)用氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主要有不燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)（氮(dan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、二氧化碳）、惰性(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)（氬氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、氦氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等）、易燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)（氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、一(yi)氧化碳）、助燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)（氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）組(zu)成。除(chu)(chu)不燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)、惰性(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)外(wai)其(qi)他氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)不進入實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，通過(guo)輸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)接到各(ge)實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內。一(yi)般氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相色(se)譜室(shi)(shi)(shi)配置氦氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、氮(dan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質聯用室(shi)(shi)(shi)配置了氦氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)線上(shang)的(de)(de)連接管(guan)件都要連接后焊(han)接，嚴(yan)禁有泄漏的(de)(de)可(ke)能。所有的(de)(de)管(guan)線在(zai)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)完畢后一(yi)定要做氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)密性(xing)試(shi)驗(yan)，并在(zai)使(shi)用前要先除(chu)(chu)油(you)。由于(yu)(yu)管(guan)道細小，管(guan)間距小，安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)過(guo)程中可(ke)依據現場情況進行(xing)調整，保證間距不小于(yu)(yu)45mm，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)瓶裝(zhuang)(zhuang)瓶時，易燃(ran)(ran)易爆與(yu)惰性(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)同柜，杜絕(jue)兩種易燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)同瓶裝(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)柜。

六、實驗室通風系統

實驗室內存在許多不利于人體健康的化學物質污染源，特別是有害氣體，實驗室通風系統非(fei)常重要(yao)。但能(neng)源往(wang)往(wang)會被(bei)大量的消耗，所(suo)以，實驗室的通風控(kong)制(zhi)系統既要(yao)安全，又要(yao)符合(he)節能(neng)的需要(yao)。

實驗室通常排風設備主要有：通風柜、原(yuan)子吸(xi)收罩(zhao)(zhao)、萬(wan)向排(pai)(pai)氣罩(zhao)(zhao)、吸(xi)頂式排(pai)(pai)氣罩(zhao)(zhao)、臺上式排(pai)(pai)氣罩(zhao)(zhao)等。

綜上(shang)所述，環(huan)境檢測實驗室建設(she)(she)是一項(xiang)系(xi)統工程。要統籌(chou)兼(jian)顧，不能遺漏，嚴格按(an)照規(gui)劃建設(she)(she)。只有(you)因地(di)制宜地(di)調(diao)整微調(diao)，才(cai)能建設(she)(she)科學、嚴謹、美觀的現代環(huan)境監測實驗室。